Air Cooled Heat Exchangers - What You Need to Know

Air cooled heat exchangers are 1 type of heat exchange device from a long list of heat exchangers. Generally, heat exchange equipments are devices that are particularly meant for assisting the release of heat coming from a certain volume of fluid in the direction of the other. To understand more, consider the regular home appliances at your residence, such as the refrigerators, air conditioners, along with your ordinary car radiator. They are just some simple examples of heat exchangers.

Now we will take a glance at air cooled heatexchangers. Normally, these are widely-used in industries which have a process system which produces excessive heat which must be dissipated, especially if there exists no home or local usage for it. Air coolers can perform exclusive of any cooling water from an adjacent or supporting cooling tower.

When should this equipment be used? The reply to that is once the outlet temperature is more than 20 degree Fahrenheit or -6.67 degree Celsius more than the upper limit of the expected ambient air temperature. Additionally, do not be fooled by the negative symbol of the Celsius unit. Air coolers may be utilized with nearer approach temperatures, nevertheless it has continuously come to be costly when measured up to a combination of a cooling tower and a water-cooled exchanger.

Besides the appliances as well as cars, remember that there are additional functions for air cooled heat exchangers. These uses can be seen in numerous industries, several of which include refineries, the upstream production, and petrochemical facilities. Moreover, you can also use air coolers on other conditions which have high temperatures, high pressure, acidic fluids and environments. To be more specific, air coolers are commonly utilized and set up in the everyday gas and oil refineries; gas storage facilities; compressor stations for oil pipelines; plants produces polychlorvinyl, polyethylene, glass fiber, biplastic; by-product coke plants and ammonia transportation and handling plants.

Apart from the various functions and uses of air coolers, you need to understand something about its construction. Luckily, I will give that to you. The common air cooled exchanger that is used for processing purposes are consists of a finned-tube bundle that are built inside a rectangular box headers on both ends of the tubes. The chilling air is supplied by several fans. In general, the air blows up wards via a horizontal tube bundle or sideward, for vertical tube bundles. The installed fans may be either induced or forced draft. And this is determined by whether the air is pushed or pulled all the way through the tube bundle. The air is directed by the plenum chamber, additionally, the chamber encloses the space between the fans as well as the tube bundle. And all of the various components pointed out are generally built up on legs or a pipe rack when assembled. And before I forget, the fan drive assemblage is sustained with a steel mechanical drive support system. The support system will generally be consisted of a vibration switch on every fan. The switches are specially designed to shut down a fan which has a problem, without human involvement.

To understand the inside and out of air cooled heat exchangers is literally easier said than done, and it is even tougher when you have absolutely no background on machines or mechanical terms. Though the question still remains, why are these preferred than other coolers. To start with, they're more affordable to maintain when compared with some other chemical using coolers. Secondly, it can quickly be installed. Last but not least, air cooled heat exchangers are the most environmental friendly method available up to now.

Fuel Gas Sweetening

By Peter Wieninger, P.Eng., Canwell Enviro-Industries Ltd.

Fuel gas and instrumentation gas are essential components in any processing facility.  Determining a cost effective method of supplying the gas requirements for these components can become fairly complex.  Some of the most common consumers of fuel/instrument gas are the following:

Component Typical Gas Consumption Rates

Compressor: 8ft3/Hp/hr
Line heaters/reboilers: 1000 Btu/scf at 65% efficiency (direct fired)
Pneumatic pumps: 13 to 1300 scf/gal of liquid to be pumped – average at 4 to 6 mcf/day
Catalytic heaters: (0.001 ft3)/Btu/hr
Level control systems: Varies depending on type of control system (i.e. 14 ft3/hr)

The source of the fuel gas and the design of the fuel gas system are dependent on the overall consumption requirements and the facility layout.  The various sources of fuel gas include:

1. Sweet gas well
2. Buyback gas from a sales pipeline or third party processing facility
3. Propane
4. Sour gas source requiring sweetening:
- solution gas
- sour gas well

Each of these gas sources has unique costs associated with utilizing them.


Sweet Gas Well

This scenario would be the most favorable as there is limited processing required to utilize it as fuel gas.  Some processors use the raw sweet gas for all their fuel and instrument gas requirements.  In some cases it is advantageous to dehydrate the fuel gas to increase the burning value or to eliminate the potential of freezing through pressure reduction controls.

Ultimately the only cost associated with utilizing the sweet gas source is the capital to install the pressure control regulators, fuel gas scrubber, and associated piping and instrumentation.


Third Party Gas Buy Back

This gas source can be obtained through:

- Sales pipeline buy-back gas
- A sweet gas pipeline from third party processing

The quality of sales gas is typically better than a raw sweet gas well.  The added advantage of having dehydrated gas eliminates methanol injection through pressure control regulators normally seen on raw gas sources.  The same type of equipment capital is required as a sweet gas source system.  However, there is now a cost of sourcing the gas.  The cost of sourcing this gas is negotiable with the gas supplier.  In many cases the volumes of consumed fuel gas are subtracted from the volume of raw gas sent to the third party pipeline or facility (and incorporating the necessary processing fees).  This value is typically 3 to 5% of the produced gas sent to the processing facility.


Propane

Propane is commonly used in isolated areas where there are limited pipelines and opportunities to source sweet gas.  The supply source is quite simple, one storage tank and a series of pressure regulators.  Installation of a propane system is purely economical.  If there is no sweet gas available and/or the accessible sour gas has too high of an H2S content, a propane system may be the recommended fuel/instrument gas source.  A summary of typical equipment and fuel costs is as follows:

Equipment Commonly Used/Leased Fuel Cost

Storage tanks Average $0.38/L
$120.00 to $180.00 per year (depending on size) (varies throughout the year)


Sour Gas Source

The complications associated with using sour gas as fuel or instrument gas is its corrosive and hazardous nature.  In compressors, the H2S causes the gas to burn at elevated temperatures; thus jeopardizing the compressor internals.  The corrosive nature of H2S will cause premature failure of many instrumentation components.  And the personal safety concerns relating to the toxicity of H2S should never be over looked.

When dealing with a sour gas well, it may be advantageous to sweeten the entire gas stream and utilize a slipstream of the “treated” gas as fuel gas.  This may provide a reduction in the third party processing fees at the facility the gas is being sent to.

For partial sweetening of a sour gas stream strictly for fuel and instrument gas, there are a few options to consider:

1. membrane technology
2. solid H2S adsorbents/scavengers (non-regenerative)
3. liquid H2S scavengers (non-regenerative)

Membranes
Membrane technology works well in systems requiring bulk removal of CO2 and/or H2S; anywhere from 30 to 80% of the feed stream concentration.  The basis of membranes is the contaminant’s permeability through the membrane fiber.  For systems containing percentages of H2S, a membrane system can economically reduce it down to 1%.  For applications dealing with less than 1% H2S (or treated gas streams of <200ppm H2S), there is too high of a hydrocarbons loss to make it a economically feasible.

Solid Scavengers
Solid scavengers contain a form of iron oxide on a carrier material that directly reacts with H2S to form a non-regenerative by-product that is commonly disposed of in an approved landfill.  The process systems are designed on specified superficial gas velocities and amounts of sulfur removal.

To maximize system efficiencies, it is common practice to have two towers piped in lead/lag configuration.  Solid adsorbents effectively remove low to moderate levels of H2S in a non-odorous process, but the system logistics can be limiting:

- the new material must be kept in a heated building to prevent the residual water content from freezing and agglomerating the product together.
- To accommodate limited accessible sites (i.e. winter access only), solid scavenger systems must be over sized to ensure one changeout per year.  This leads to higher than required capital costs.
- Changeout of the reacted product is labor and cost intensive.

Liquid Scavengers
Liquid scavengers are supplied by a number of chemical companies.  Many of the products are similar in chemistry but differ in the formulation and/or product concentration.  The primary concern of liquid scavengers is the characteristics of the reaction product.  Solubility and product stability (i.e. crystallization) are concerns that should be addressed by the chemical supplier.  The other complaint associated with liquid scavengers is the odour of the reacted product; “skunk like”.  With the reaction of a sulfur species in the liquid form, it is very difficult to suppress the odour.  Therefore, provisions must be taken in the design of the application process.

There are a few methods in which liquid scavengers may be applied.  Generally they can be injected directly inline or the sour gas can be processed through a contact tower system.  For fuel gas systems, inline injection is not often considered because of limited gas to scavenger contact (short pipeline).
The contact tower system can be specifically designed for each application.  Factors such as gas flowrate, operating pressure, temperature, and inlet H2S content dictate the vessel size and the process configuration.  These fuel gas sweetening systems are also designed to be operator friendly by minimizing the time required to operate the facility and to eliminate product handling.  The following are a couple of simple liquid scavenger fuel gas sweetening systems:

Batch Tower Process Continuous Tower System

Typical Cost:  $ 5 000 to $ 30 000 Typical Cost:  $ 20 000 to $ 55 000

The batch tower process is more commonly used in applications where the total sulfur content is relatively low (moderate gas flow rates at low H2S or low gas flowrates with low to moderate H2S concentrations).  The contactor is sized based on set linear velocities and sulfur removal requirements.  Typical tower diameters range from 8”OD to 30”OD.  The height of these towers are designed primarily by the inlet H2S content; desired residence time, and chemical consumption rates.  In sweetening sour gas wells, the cost of shutting down the gas to changeout the spent chemical should be evaluated.  In fuel gas systems, a by-pass system is commonly installed in conjunction with the scavenging unit.  When the chemical requires to be changed out, it is often acceptable to temporarily supply sour gas to the facility for a short period of time (generally less than one hour).

The continuous (or sometimes referred to as the flooded) tower system is designed for higher sulfur removal applications.  The system is continuously operated without the requirement to shut down to changeout chemical.  In addition, the unit can be sized appropriately to accommodate winter access only facilities.  Higher linear velocities are tolerated in a continuous system; hence the tower sizes tend to be smaller and less costly.  Other design parameters can be incorporated to minimize the capital outlay for a sweetening package.

Liquid Scavenger Example Evaluation:

Basis: 0.10 MMscfd of fuel gas requirements (100 mcf/day)
Supply pressure = 150 psig
H2S content = 1000 ppm
Gas specification = <10 ppm H2S

At this specified gas flowrate and operating pressure the minimum tower diameter for a batch system would be 20“ OD and 16“OD for a flooded tower system.  With the relatively high inlet H2S content, the changeout frequency of the batch system would be extensive.  Therefore, a flooded tower system is recommended for this application.  The added benefit of a flooded tower system is the potential of a 25 to 30% reduction in operating costs because of the higher attainable reaction efficiency.  A summary of the expected costs is as follows:

Operating cost: $ 0.49/mcf (or more simply = $ 49.00/day)

Equipment cost: $ 40 000.00 (includes all process components; skid, tank, pumps, etc.)

The H2S concentration will dictate the processing cost.  The volume of required fuel gas and the H2S concentration will determine the specific process skid design and corresponding equipment cost.  Installation costs for these systems are relatively low.  Generally four piles or a firm gravel base (depending on the ground conditions at the site) will be sufficient.  These liquid scavenging systems are designed to be very mobile so they are easily transported to alternate facilities if ever required.

The H2S concentration has the greatest influence in determining if a scavenging system is economically feasible.  The following graph provides an operating cost estimate for varying levels of H2S contaminated fuel gas sources:


When evaluating the various options to source your fuel/instrument gas requirements, it is essential to incorporate all costs.  In particular with sour gas sources, factors such as changeout costs, disposal costs, freight, and the potential of downtime due to system inefficiencies/complications (i.e. product crystallization) should all be reviewed.  It is more accurate to evaluate the various options by an overall cost ($/mcf) rather than a product unit cost ($/L or $/kg).

This same type of technology can be applied in sweetening sour gas wells, solution gas (which may otherwise be flared), and sour tank vent vapours.

Application, Features and benefits of Freshwater generator

The Freshwater generator is a major advance based on proven by expertise. Freshwater generator optimized process cuts seawater needs in half, which minimizes pipework and allows the installation of smaller seawater pumps. This in turn reduces installation costs, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

Freshwater generator makes use of 3 in1 plate technology, which enables desalination in a single plate pack with one type of titanium plate. Since the plate pack also contains the process vacuum, freshwater generator has no outer shell and is smaller than other freshwater generators. The plate pack slides open for easy access to the interior without an additional service area.

The use of corrosion and erosion-resistant titanium, combined with an optimized process that inhibits natural scaling, ensures that freshwater generator needs little maintenance. The system has been fully tested both on and off shore, and is designed to last the lifetime of the ship.

Application

Freshwater generator uses vacuum distillation to convert seawater into high-quality freshwater for domestic and process utilization. By providing a constant supply of low-salinity water and continuously controlling the water quality, it eliminates the need for bunker water.

Freshwater generator is designed for automatic operation in periodically unmanned engine rooms and other automated operations. Jacket water, steam injection or a Hot Water Loop can all be used as heating media.

Features and benefits

• Half the seawater flow

  Compared to other freshwater generators only half the seawater is needed, which means smaller seawater pumps can be used. Optimized distribution prevents dry spots and inhibits the natural scaling process.

• Lower costs and emissions

  The reduction in seawater pumping needs has a corresponding effect on the consumption of electrical energy. Less fuel has to be burned, which reduces both operating costs and CO2 emissions.

• 3-in-1 plate technology

  Freshwater generator incorporates the evaporation, separation and condensation processes into a single type of titanium plate. Desalination is handled within a single plate pack that also contains the process vacuum. No outer shell is necessary.

• Simple, compact installation

  With no outer shell and no additional service area, Freshwater generator has a minimal weight and footprint. Assembly can be handled on site and installation is simplified by the ability to use smaller seawater pumps and pipes. 
  
  Since Freshwater generator is not sensitive to roll and pitch motions of ships, it can also be installed in any direction on board a ship.

• Easy operation and maintenance

  Freshwater generator offers start-and-forget operation, which saves time for the crew. Maintenance intervals are long and the plate pack slides open for easy access to the interior.

• Long product lifetime

  High-grade materials that resist corrosion and erosion, including titanium for the plates and other wetted parts, ensure that Freshwater generator will last as long as a ship.

• Low-salinity water

  The fresh water supplied has a lower content of salt and other dissolved solids than that supplied by other freshwater generators. It can be used directly by the steam boilers.

• Continuous quality control

  Salinometer-equipped control system continuously monitors the quality of the outgoing fresh water.

Capacity range

The series covers a capacity range from 3.1 to 60 m3/24 h, depending on the heating medium and cooling water temperatures. An freshwater generator can be dimensioned to suit any jacket water temperature from 55-95°C at any cooling water temperature.

Basic equipment

The freshwater generator consists of a single plate pack containing a flexible number of titanium process plates. These plates are suspended within a frame, which comprises a carrying bar, frame plate and pressure plate. Evaporation, separation and condensation all occur within the same plate pack.

Among the plate pack features are gaskets with rubber flaps that indicate correct plate assembly, as well as distance pipes that ensure proper plate alignment and correct tightening.

Connected to the plate pack is a combined system for feed water, condenser cooling water and ejector water. The freshwater system consists of a freshwater pump and a freshwater control sensor that ensures a stable outgoing flow.

Additional equipment

• Combined cooling and ejector water pump with electric motor
• Control panel with motor starters and salinometer
• Anti-scale chemical dosing unit for feed water

Optional equipment

• Steam heating system with direct steam injection
• Equipment for steam boosting and hot water loop system
• Extended control panel with motor starters and salinometer
• Freshwater pH adjustment equipment
• Freshwater disinfection equipment
• Connections according to DIN, JIS and ANSI standards
• Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) unit

How it works

Freshwater generator flow of feed water is taken from the flow of seawater coolant. Feed water enters the lower (evaporator) section of the plate pack, in which the plates are warmed by the heating medium. The heating medium is either engine jacket cooling water or a closed circuit heated by steam. Here the water is evaporated at around 40-60°C in a vacuum of 85-95%, which is maintained by the brine/air ejector.

The vapour produced rises between the plates into the middle (separator) section of the plate pack, where any droplets of entrained seawater are removed. Gravity causes these droplets to fall back into the brine sump at the bottom of the freshwater generator.

Only clean freshwater vapour reaches the top (condenser) section of the plate pack, which is cooled by a flow of seawater. Here the vapour is condensed into fresh water, which is pumped out of the freshwater generator by the freshwater pump.

The Function of Pipe Markings

For this reason programs one example is pipe markings are extraordinarily well-known, considering that making an attempt to undertake ahome enhancement challenge with unmarked pipes is almost generally a tragedy.

You can discover a multitude of areas accessible in which a residence handyperson can decide to buy pipe markings. Many regional and national do-it-yourself outlets will carry a multitude of those items to offer their clients the best assortment offered. Practically everywhere that carries pipes could have pipe markings situated close by to be sure that the consumer will not have to obtain them. The rates for pipe markings can vary from keep to store and from place to region. Some individuals give some thought to the cost to become also slight to bother with whilst some other medicine is often attempting to find one of the best feature for their revenue. If customers are curious about uncovering the perfect charges, they might hope to look at price tag and level of quality between several varied merchants and consider in accordance to which retail outlet supplies the cost helpful.

You are likely to discover various a variety of types of pipe markings to choose from for your most element from the merchants that carry this sort of item. The form put to use could be different based upon the ailments of thehome enhancement job currently being carried out. Most people which have labored with pipes ahead of could possess a desire for just one kind or some other, to ensure that may be an issue while in the kind of pipe markings they decide upon. Most makes of pipe markings are very similar in superior quality so various makes of the identical item may have nearly all identical properties. Some brands might be produced from a relatively exceptional materials or maintain likely for a longer time below selected situations, this means you have to decide on the just one which is suited for your customer's must have. The variations around your brand names is going to be for the outside through the package to offer the customer the information promptly.

If the body's thinking about procuring pipe markings in considerable quantities amounts, you may locate a selection of producers which can ship the products and solutions towards the customer right. These businesses frequently sell a whole lot of their merchandise in outlets, but will ship items directly into the shoppers that prefer their brands. The consumer will usually spend a reduced charge for getting the programs in enormous quantities, but will must pay out a delivery charge to realize the items delivered for their residence or place of work. Many of the companies which will sell pipe markings straight to the client can be found online with a lot of them receiving websites that exhibit their items and offers a tiny bit of specifics about their company. Make sure you be sure that the organization on the net is really the best organization and certainly not a gimmick established to separate honest everyday people implementing their funds. Oftentimes, it happens to be sensible to initial glance for a brand name which is favored within the shops after which take advantage of the company's web page to keep on acquiring the merchandise and find about new things the business is crafting that they'll like.

 Could also be exciting assessments through the varied kinds of pipe markings presented on several internet sites on the web. You are likely to track down a number of website pages on the net that permit common shoppers to price the products they buy along with a very few of these websites concentrate solely on pipes and pipe add-ons. The evaluations on these websites might be the consumer's actual thoughts and opinions regarding the creation that they acquired. It truly is essential to not base the choice of which form of pipe markings to create utilization of on 1 bad evaluate considering the fact that an abundance of persons could be dissatisfied with a variety of item for different points. Some individuals never stick with the instructions the right way whilst others could make use of the products and services in occasions that they are not recommended for. It will be advisable to look at quite a lot of unique critiques for each brand name to possess the opportunity to make an objective resolution pertaining to which features one of the best price.

Factors To Consider Before Buying Printed Pipe Marking

Labels normally are meant to get mounted on some factors that really should be regarded if that object is unsafe or or else or maybe mounted on functionality as being an indication for all of us. Pipe Marking Labels are of no variation only they're specifically mounted on pipes. Plumbing Professionals use Pipe Marking Labels to simply recognize which pipes are unsafe or otherwise. Inside a workplace, some pipes are marked with pipe markers to guarantee that everyone knows what's inside of them and what direction the movement is. These markers are provided to help remind and caution customers to be sure that accidents is going to be averted. The end end result is in the event your pipes are not marked appropriately you happen to be placing families in peril.

 
Pipe marking labels are really really quite basic but we won't be able to ignore its significance simply because they are quite sizeable programs since it's for linked to the welfare of all those. It arrives down like a label, tag or decal that's caught or mounted on a pipe or pipe valve. It has to properly communicate the things inside pipes and provide ample detail if wonderful hazards (as an example intense demands or temps) exist. The additional text ought to be comprehendible and quick extended. You are going to obtain plenty of causes of aesthetically marking the pipes working during your facility.

Some brand names may well be comprised of a fairly exceptional material or hold heading for a longer time beneath particular situations, which means you really should choose the an individual which is correct and correct for your personal preferences. Some markers are suitable for indoor or outdoors pipes that are dry and clean. The expenditures for pipe markings can vary from an individual keep to another and from region to spot. Prior to affixing Pipe Marking Labels you may obtain a few factors you might have for making: marker dimensions, pipe marker fashion, deciding on one of the best pipe marker colour with the application and accurate marker visibility.

The use of pipe markers permits your staff to swiftly and plainly establish the label of pipes inside of your facility. All hazardous supplies use black figures about the yellow qualifications. Products like poisonous, radioactive substance, and flammable chemicals. Low-Hazard elements which might be a bit hazardous this will likely allow you to small risk of carrying out hurt to staff use whitened colour for liquid and eco-friendly for gasoline. Fire Suppression supplies like co2, foam and h2o use whitened letter over the red-colored track record. For larger pipe labels, the color and text is usually spray colored towards the pipe. With alot more compact pipes, an typical label maker is perhaps put into use. Lots of pipe marking organizations promote labels that are pre-printed with frequent pipe contents, not to mention element directional arrows to exhibit the path of flow. It is advised that labels are set near hassle-free spots or valves where they might be effortlessly spotted by people today.

Things to Consider When Choosing Marine Services

After going through the process of selecting and purchasing the boat of your choice, you have to invest time in choosing marine services suited to your budget. When making a purchase, the majority of people give priority to their budgets or the cost involved. But when choosing marine services, your budget should be secondary - it is recommended that you focus more on the quality of the services that you choose for your boat, as there are a number of them that you will require. They can secure your boat against any mishap or disaster.

Choosing marine services requires some research and planning as there is a wealth of choices for your boat. One of them - Marine Finance - helps you with the required financial support to purchase the boat of your dreams. You should do your best to be as meticulous as possible when choosing the right finance company for you. You must understand all of the terms and conditions of the deal before you sign the contract. The rate of interest charged, number of instalments, period of instalment and others are some important aspects that should be clearly understood before you go ahead.

Once you're in possession of your boat, it is advised that you get it insured. For this, you will require an insurance company that can cover all expenses, should any mishaps occur. €Expect the best, but be prepared for the worst€ is a good mantra to follow here; remember it when you are insuring your boat. With the right insurance policy, if anything goes wrong you'll have the cover to help you get through it.

Your boat requires maintenance. This can involve upgrading marine electronics and other equipment. Such tasks are quite technical and aren't always suitable to do yourself, without the right tools or experience. Moreover, the equipment can be expensive and if you don't hire a professional company, you could see yourself damaging delicate components.

You also need a supplier who can provide you with high quality sailing chandlers, clothing and other safety items. These include life jackets, flares, smoke signals, fire extinguishers and other necessities.

The task of choosing marine services can be difficult. You'd require a list of several companies to compare and choose the one that suits you. It's far more convenient to refer to a site that assists you with all the information and gives you a list of companies which provide various marine services.

Exports and imports are largely dependent on sea transport. There are lots of things that would be transported through water. For many people, airways seems to be the best option and yes it is. But it should not be forgotten that while airways being the fastest means of transportation, they have certain limits. One of the major limitations when it comes to the airways is that you can never send or get items that are too heavy. For an individual, this might not be an area of concern at all but for manufacturers it is. This is why sea transportation is the best of all. Infact, none of the automobile giants can survive in case they would not be able to export their vehicles to other parts of the globe. Their cars, trucks and bikes can be sent to other parts of the globe via ships. Now you can see that air transportation can never be used for exporting these against the pull of gravitation while they carry immense loads. While sea transportation is of such an importance, you can never deny the fact that the international marine services can play a crucial role.

What the marine services do

. Marine services can mean anything to do with the sea transportation. When you want the ships to roam on the sea and reach the right ports, you actually need services from various vendors and suppliers.

. The suppliers can be those who supply building materials for the ship, the tankers, the fuel tanks and everything that is used in a ship

. These services are vital because without them no ship can function in the right manner. In fact, those who supply maintenance goods for a ship do come under these services.

. The marine services can also offer services regarding labor management, consultancy services and relevant area.

How to choose marine services

. The first thing you need to do is to analyze your needs. The marine service you choose should be able to offer what you require. In case you need maintenance goods from the services you have chosen, but they offer only services that are related to ship building, then you cannot be satisfied.

. Always go for the services that conform to the rules and regulations of the government. Check for the authorization certifications and authenticity.

. Any service that does not include terms and conditions in the contract can be better avoided.

Generating Drinking Water on Ship - The Magic Machine

How is fresh water generated on a ship?  Is it possible to generate drinkable fresh water from sea water? 

Yes and for this purpose, a fresh water generator is used on a ship.This article will show the arrangement and working of a normal fresh water generator on a ship.

Introduction

Fresh water is of dire need on a ship. It is used for various purposes such as drinking, for preparing food, in laundry services and in many other day to day activities. In the past, people used to carry tons and tons of fresh water in barrels or in specially made tanks. This was because there were no other sources of fresh water once the ship was in sea, except rain, which was quite unpredictable.

Today in spite of means on board to generate fresh water,  ships carry tons and tons of fresh water in segregated fresh water tanks. But there are many other processes in which fresh water is used and as generally the fresh water tanks provided are not sufficient, the need arises to generate fresh water onboard. Fresh water is always in dearth also because it is very difficult to keep a check on the water usage by the crew members and also the usage cannot be avoidable as water is continuously required onboard ship.

Fresh water is generated on ship by a fresh water generator, also known as evaporator. The process by which fresh water is generated is known as distillation process. Sea water is converted into fresh water by evaporating and condensing the sea water. Evaporation of the sea water is either done by boiling or by flash process. This process enables the reduction of 32,000 parts per million in sea water to 1 to 2 parts in fresh water. Fresh water generators can be tube type or plate type.

Single stage fresh water generator

A fresh water generator consists of mainly two parts. A condenser and an evaporator. The boiling process is done either by a heating coil or by using the high temperature main engine jacket water. In some FWGs, heating is also done by superheated steam. Generally water is boiled at 100 degree Celsius, but in freshwater generator it is done at around 60-70 degree Celsius. For this purpose, educators or air ejectors are use. Eductors reduces the chamber’s pressure to such a point that water starts boiling at a temperature of 60-70 degrees Celsius. A flow meter is used to regulate the flow of sea water into the generator. The freshwater generated in the condenser is later collected by a distillate pump. A salinometer is used to check the salinity in the fresh water generated.

Working of the FWG

The hot jacket water from the diesel engine is passed through the evaporator’s heated nest. The sea water enters the evaporator through the flow meter and due to the low pressure of the chamber; it boils and gets converted to steam. Generally the feed of the seawater is kept half the stated quantity to facilitate adequate boiling of sea water. The steam then passes through a steam separator, in which the water particles in the steam are separated and collected.

The steam then enters the condenser, where it cools down to form fresh water. It is then removed from the condenser with the help of a distillate pump. The remainder sea water particles or the brine which gets collected at the bottom is drawn out with the help of an ejector pump.

Flash process- Increasing the efficiency

A liquid which is already having sensible amount of heat when introduced in a pressurized chamber, immediately gets converted to steam, i.e. in a flash, without the boiling process. Thus the phenomena can be used to acquire higher level of efficiency by controlling the exact pressure and temperature of the water, which will lead to higher energy efficiency.

This can be done by using a double stage fresh water generator.

How to Be Offshore Marine Services Technician

Starting a lucrative career is a dream of every youth who wishes to make it big in life. In today's competitive world, there is no dearth of career options, but there are some occupations that are preferred by millions of youths across the world and one such popular career option these days is a job of offshore marine services technician.

 You can start your career as an offshore in two ways, where first one is to get yourself enrolled in a post secondary education program that lays its prime focus on teaching basics offshore marine services like troubleshooting, maintaining, non destructive testing, installing, removing and repairing of marine engines. Whereas the second route is to get you enrolled for a vocation program which can easily be done while pursuing senior high school. However, there are different parameters for both the programs that need to be considered before enrollment, some of them are provided below for reference.

Offshore Marine Services Technical Program

For enrolling this type of professional program, first of all you need to analyze your own skills and determine whether you are capable of managing marine service or not. As an educated high school educated you are expected to have basic competency in subjects like math, reading ability and language skills for enrolling in technician program for marine services. This program is usually of one year, depending on the curriculum and number of classes of the program. Find out how many and what are the important classes you need to attend to clear your program. The usual course content for technical services include non destructive testing, servicing and repair of boats and different outbound engines, how to handle technical tower, fuel, power transfer, etc. Once you complete the course, finding a job won't be that difficult and you can certainly sharpen your skills while on service.

High School Program for Offshore Marine Services

While pursuing your high school education, you can explore options in offshore marine services and for that you can take guidance of your school's career counselor. They will guide you through the pros and cons of joining this services as a technician. Also, gather information about whether your school offers any vocational program for this services technician training, as the program for high school students is usually two years long. Discuss scheduling and registration requirements beforehand so that you can meet your graduation as well as vocational program needs at the same time. Once you successfully enroll yourself in vocational program, make sure you finish graduation and program with good credits to stat off an excellent career in offshore marine services.

A Description of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Shell and tube heat exchangers are needed for high-pressure applications; they are durable products, which can withstand the demands of many working environments. Their design plays a large part in ashell and tube exchanger's ability to endure exceedingly-challenging situations.

Shell and tube heat exchangers are made from a series of tubes, which can be made of durable material such as fluoropolymers. Fluoropolymers are highly-durable plastics such as PTFE, FEP, and PFA. Fluoropolymers, like heat exchangers, have a place in a variety of industries such as the automotive, medical, and aeronautical.

In a exchanger's shell, one set of tubes contains fluid, which is either heated or cooled. Another set of tubes also contains liquid, which facilitates the heating or cooling of the primary set of tubes. A tube set is referred to as the tube bundle and can take on a variety of shapes depending on what is most conducive for the intended job.

Engineers of shell and tube heat exchangers need to consider several components of construction:

A smaller tube diameter enables the shell & tube exchanger to be economical and compact, yet a tiny diameter can facilitate malfunction and difficulty of cleaning. Larger tubing can be instituted to eradicate potential flow and cleaning problems. Engineers must factor cost, space, and the propensity of liquids to foul when constructing a heat exchanger.

Tube thickness is important to make sure there is room for corrosion; vibration existing in the product has resistance; and, the shell and tube exchanger can withstand pressure coming from both in and outside of its internal tubes.

Folding or wrinkling the inner tubes increases the flow of the liquid, which facilitates the transfer of heat, producing better performance from the exchanger.

Designers also consider the layout of the inner tubes. Tubes can be fashioned in a triangular, square, rotated square, or rotated triangular fashion. Particular, internal designs are conducive to specific jobs and the elimination of potential problems such as fouling of the liquid.

Shell and tube heat exchanger also host baffle components. Baffles serve several purposes such as holding the tube bundles in place; making sure tubes do not sag or vibrate; and, facilitating fluid flow.

Fin Fan Cooler

A large number of Fin Fan Cooler systems are provided by us for gas & oil sector, refineries, petrochemical plants as well as condensing units. Several process fluids are effectively cooled in fin fan coolers in process industries. This has helped many industries cut short their cost of production in a dramatic manner. Get this amazing technology at lower rate from our company.

Fin Fan Cooler

We have come up with a wide range of Industrial Fin Fan Coolers, which are made as per international quality standards. These coolers are basically used in refineries, petrochemical plants, oil & gas sector and condensing units. These coolers permit Single Unit for Flow Rate of 150 CMH and upto 50degC. Our experts also supervise each step to ensure the production of best products.

Features:

Liquids: Water / DM Water / Oil / Any Liquid
Hot Inlet Temp of Liquid: 50degC to 150degC
Cold Outlet Temp of Liquid: 32degC to 50degC, as required
Ambient Temp: As high as 50degC
Liquid Flow Rate: Single Unit for Flow Rate of 150 CMH

Buy Best Steam Irons And Air Coolers From Online Stores

It is natural that for all the office goers as well as the school's students it is necessary that they should wear clothes which should be cleaned and pressed. Well in order to have such facility you should definitely have the best steam irons in your home, well that is not at all difficult to have. You know that a wrinkled prone cloth would make you look too untidy that is why it is essential that you should follow the curriculum and be in a perfect dress. The market is booming with different types of the brands definitely it confuses you every now and then. However, you should be very stubborn and should go for the best brand.

Apart from that you should have a sharp eye so that you could consider some of the important features as well. You should see that the Philips Irons are very much in demand because they are chord which are flexible. In addition to this, you should also like the automatic shut off property. The best about the Phillips steam irons are that you could actually see the water present through the water storage which is transparent. The entire look is made in a glossy way with calcium integrated in it. You would actually feel very nice to hold that because of its sophisticated look. Whenever you buy a Morphy Richards iron, you would see that it has some modified settings, which you could apply on different types of the fabrics. Now you should buy iron online at an affordable price.

These days you could see that people are really facing lots of problems with space that is why it is necessary that they should get things which are precise and curt, but the usability would tend to maximize. Definitely, just like the best steam irons, it is wise enough to buy air cooler. These are designed in an outstanding way. It is a worth buy because you see that after spending long hours in the kitchen you actually feel tired, when you get to the living room, your brain jerks you have a refreshing air. Well the symphony air coolers are always ready at your service. You should keen to know that they are praised enough for their longevity. In addition to this, they have used the dura dump technology so that the pump could work out for long. Well you might seek to go for the branded ones in which category the Kenstar air coolers are simple and worthy enough. Practically, it is cost efficient as well because the robust technology has made it possible so that they could work out with the inverter as well. The interior architecture is wonderfully crafted where a large fan is installed which is ever ready to give you cool fresh air so that you could get rejuvenated. Now you should also be ready to buy table fan, it gives you the same feeling as the coolers.

Air Coolers – Evaporative Air Cooler, Portable Air Cooler

Evaporative cooling is the process that uses the effect of evaporation as a natural heat sink. With the use of latest technologies and methods, evaporative cooling techniques have come a long way. Today, modern evaporative cooler produces effective cooling by combining evaporation of water with reliable air moving system.

Evaporative Cooling Techniques

Evaporative cooling is a process in which liquid evaporates into surrounding air, thereby cooling an object in contact with it. Evaporative cooling techniques have wide range of applications including comfort cooling in residential, commercial, and agricultural areas. The process is also used in different industrial applications such as spot cooling in power plants, foundries, thermal plants and many other such places. These places have hot air and relatively lower humidity level. Evaporative coolers are highly efficient, less expensive, comparatively smaller in size and easy at maintenance. Evaporative cooling techniques must always be considered for all make-up air systems, regardless of geographic or topographic region. Today with the use of modern techniques, Evaporative cooling is also used to cool gas turbine inlet air, motors, generators, laundries, wood and paper facilities, textile manufacturing.

Mobile Evaporative Coolers, Window Coolers

Mobile coolers are specifically designed for low voltage controls and high air flow. They are very much mobile and can be easily set up to provide immediate comfort according to your requirements. Mobile evaporative coolers are best suitable for industrial purposes, commercial and rental purposes including offices, home, factories, warehouses, office, garages, automotive shops, kennels, stables and many such places. The best part of window evaporative cooler is that they are energy efficient and fits into any sized window, thereby helping to keep your room cool. Over and above this, window coolers offer a fashionable and aristocratic look to your home. They reduce space requirements, provide better efficiency and are easy of use. In addition, they save energy, as the only real use for electricity is to operate the fan and water pump.

Industrial Blower Coolers, Industrial Fan Coolers

For larger work areas, industrial blower coolers ensure better cooling and fresh air supply throughout the work place. These blowers are highly resistant to severe conditions such as high temperature, corrosion and abrasion. Each industrial cooler is ideal in a variety of commercial, agricultural environments, industrial, institutional. Industrial fan coolers are portable and provide cool air inside commercial buildings where generally the temperature is quite high. These revolutionary and inexpensive cooling systems provide quality cooling solutions for warehouse, industrial areas, animal cooling, and portable spot cooling.

Evaporative coolers cost less and are easy to install and operate. You will find many such evaporative cooler manufacturers, but you must select only the best evaporative cooler for better evaporative cooling services.

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