Closed-Loop Cooling Systems 101

Dry, evaporative and liquid-to-liquid cooling systems are explained

Cooling tower systems have been used by industry for years to provide a means of removing waste heat generated by machinery or manufacturing processes. A simplified cooling tower system consists of a pump to circulate water to the heat-producing equipment or process (heat load), where the heat is transferred to the water. The water is then pumped to the cooling tower where it is cooled (figure 1).



The cooling tower contains a surface, commonly called fill. The warm water entering the cooling tower is distributed uniformly over the fill area and flows vertically downward. Fans force air to flow across the saturated fill either horizontally (crossflow) or vertically (counterflow), causing a small portion of the circulated water to evaporate. The evaporation of some of the water removes the heat from the remaining water. The cooled water is collected in the tower basin or an external tank or reservoir (referred to as a cold well), which is located beneath the tower or inside a building. The cooled water is then pumped back to the heat source and the process repeats itself.

Therefore, a cooling tower system recirculates the cooling water, which comes in direct contact with ambient atmospheric air, or is open to the environment, and uses the process of evaporation to reject heat to the environment.

The negative aspect of a cooling tower is the cooling water is directly open to the environment. Airborne particulate contaminants are washed out of the air by the water flowing over the tower. The water also absorbs oxygen and other gases, including products of air pollution. The evaporation process causes the minerals that were initially dissolved in the water to be left behind as fine, highly abrasive particles. It also causes the mineral concentration of the remaining water to increase. As a result, cooling tower water quickly becomes highly contaminated water that causes fouling, scaling, corrosion and erosion of heat transfer surfaces. These detrimental effects can increase maintenance costs as well as incur unscheduled equipment and process downtime and loss of productivity.

By contrast, a closed-loop cooling system circulates coolant and rejects heat using heat exchangers in such a manner that the coolant does not come into direct contact with the environment at any time. The coolant remains clean, uncomtaminated, and does not cause fouling, scaling, corrosion or erosion of heat transfer surfaces.

There are three principle types of closed-loop cooling systems to consider: air-cooled or dry (no water is consumed), evaporative (heat is rejected using the process of evaporation, water is consumed) and liquid-to-liquid.



Dry Type or Air-Cooled. This system uses an air-cooled heat exchanger or radiator to reject heat to ambient atmospheric air (figure 2). It is the industrial equivalent to an automobile engine cooling system. The coolant, usually a glycol/water mixture, is circulated through the heat load, then to the air-cooled heat exchanger, where heat is rejected to the environment (ambient atmospheric air). The advantage of this system is the total elimination of water consumption and sewer disposal costs. Water-cooled machinery becomes air-cooled.

An air-cooled heat exchanger can only cool the coolant to a temperature above the prevailing ambient dry bulb temperature. A typical design dry bulb temperature is usually the 1 percent summer design condition as found on ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Engineers) tables. A typical value for much of the continental United States is 95oF. The cool coolant temperature is determined by the selection of the approach temperature (approach temperature is the cool coolant temperature design dry bulb temperature) of the air-cooled heat exchanger to worst-case summer dry-bulb temperature. A typical and practical approach temperature for an air-cooled heat exchanger is 10oF (-12oC) or greater. Therefore, typical cool coolant temperatures for an air-cooled closed loop cooling system for much of the continental United States is 105oF (41oC) or higher.

Temperature control of the coolant is accomplished by cycling the air-cooled heat exchanger fans on and off in response to the temperature of the cool coolant leaving the heat exchanger. This prevents over-cooling of the coolant during cold weather operation.

The closed-loop dry cooling system is suitable for cooling reciprocating air compressors, hydraulic equipment, various types of furnaces, quenching and other types of equipment or processes capable of operating at elevated coolant temperatures.

Evaporative Type. This type of system uses a closed-circuit evaporative fluid cooler and the process of evaporation to remove heat from the coolant. An evaporative fluid cooler usually consists of a serpentine steel coil, galvanized on the exterior surface; a water basin; a spray pump with water-distribution piping; and a fan.

The coolant, usually a glycol/water mixture, is circulated by means of a process pump through the heat load, absorbing heat, and then flows to the coil in the evaporative fluid cooler. The fluid cooler spray pump pumps water from the fluid cooler basin and sprays the water uniformly across the exterior surface of the coil. The fan blows air across the wet surface on the outside of the coil. The forced evaporation of some of the water on the coil surface cools the coolant flowing through the coil. The coolant is never in contact with the environment, hence the name, "closed circuit fluid cooler."

Evaporative cooling devices such as cooling towers and fluid coolers work on an approach to wet bulb temperature. Wet bulb is a function of the moisture content, or relative humidity, of ambient air. ASHRAE tables are again used to determine the wet bulb for a given locality, and the 1 percent summer design condition typically is used. Approach temperatures are usually 5 to 7oF (2.78 to 3.89oC) or greater to design wet bulb temperature. For much of the continental United States, a typical design wet bulb temperature is 78oF (26oC) with cool coolant temperatures of 85oF (29oC) possible.

Temperature control of the coolant is accomplished by cycling on and off the fans that force the air to flow over the coil. Fan dampers can also be used on fluid coolers having centrifugal fans. An increasingly popular method of control is to use a variable frequency drive to control fan motor speed and therefore evaporation rate.

The spray water portion of the fluid cooler, like a cooling tower, is open to the environment, so it will become contaminated by airborne debris. Maintenance usually consists of cleaning debris from the basin on an as-needed basis.

A cooling system that uses evaporation as the means of rejecting heat consumes water and requires make-up water to continue to operate. A typical water consumption rate for a cooling tower or closed evaporative fluid cooler is 4 gal/min for each 1 million BTU/hr of heat load, with 2 gal/min being lost directly to evaporation, and 2 gal/min going to drain, (blowdown). The purpose of the water going to drain or blowdown, is to remove some of the impurities that are washed into the water, and to allow makeup water to replace water lost to blowdown to dilute the buildup of mineral concentration caused by the evaporation of the water. A proper blowdown rate is critical to successful operation of an evaporative fluid cooler. An increase in the concentration of minerals in the spray water can cause scale to form on the fluid cooler coil and reduce its ability to reject heat.



Liquid-to-Liquid Type. This type of cooling system utilizes shell-and-tube or plate-and-frame heat exchangers to transfer the heat from one cooling fluid to another (figure 3).

The coolant -- usually a glycol/water mixture, but treated water, deionized water or other fluid can be used -- is circulated through the heat load, absorbing waste heat. Then, the mixture travels to the heat exchanger, where the heat is transferred to another cooling fluid such as cooling tower, chilled, well, river, lake or ocean water, or a closed-loop glycol/water system as previously described.

When one of the cooling fluids such as cooling tower water is contaminated, and fouling of the heat exchanger is likely, then a standby heat exchanger is desirable. Should the operating heat exchanger become fouled for any reason, valves permit the fouled heat exchanger to be isolated from the system. This way, the heat exchanger can be cleaned without shutting down the system or the equipment being cooled.

The temperature of the coolant in a liquid-to-liquid closed loop system is determined by the design approach temperature of the heat exchanger and the maximum cool entering temperature of the fluid doing the cooling. The approach temperature for a heat exchanger is the difference between the leaving temperature of the fluid being cooled (hot side) and the entering temperature of the fluid doing the cooling (cold side).

For example, if the cold-side cooling fluid is cooling tower water that is available on a worst case basis at 85oF (29oC), and a plate-and-frame heat exchanger is used with a 5oF (-15oC) design approach temperature, then the coolest possible hot-side coolant temperature is 90oF (32oC).
Temperature control of the coolant can be accomplished by using a control valve to regulate the flow of the cold-side fluid in response to the leaving hot-side coolant temperature. This is desirable only if the cold-side coolant is clean and contaminant-free. If the cold-side fluid is contaminated with solids, then a control valve that will bypass varying amounts of hot side coolant in response to its leaving temperature is used. The fluid that is contaminated with solids should be allowed to flow at a maximum rate to keep the velocity high and minimize the possibility of solids dropping out and fouling the heat exchanger.

A variant of a liquid-to-liquid cooling system is a liquid-to-refrigerant cooling system, which is a chilled water system. Chilled water, or the chilled coolant side of the system, can be open or closed while the refrigerant side of the system is always closed.

The coolant used in a closed system is usually an ethylene glycol/water mixture. Ethylene glycol is considered a hazardous, toxic material. If toxicity is a concern, propylene glycol can be used; however, propylene glycol has poorer heat transfer characteristics than ethylene glycol and is more expensive. The type of glycol used and the concentration of the mixture affect the circulating pump and heat exchanger selection regardless of cooling system type.



The glycol selected for use, either ethylene or propylene, should be industrial grade and contain an inhibitor package consisting of corrosion inhibitors, a buffer to neutralize acid formation and a foam suppressant. Automobile antifreeze should not be used.

The level of freeze protection required determines the concentration of the glycol. Table 1 displays the concentration level as related to the degree of freeze protection provided by ethylene glycol/water mixtures by volume. The 30 percent water/glycol mixture shown in table 1 is the minimum practical concentration at which the inhibitor package is effective. Glycol/water mixtures of less than 30 percent result in the inhibitor package being so diluted that it is not effective. The percentage of glycol/water mixture by volume is first determined by the level of freeze protection required (determined by worst winter temperatures at the installation site), with 30 percent glycol/water being the minimum allowable mixture. If freezing conditions are not expected to be encountered, then city water with an acceptable corrosion inhibiter is suitable for use.

Closed-loop cooling systems provide clean, nonfouling, nonscaling, noncorrosive coolant for many types of industrial equipment and processes. Equipment and cooling system maintenance costs are reduced, and equipment reliability and productivity are increased. Equipment life is extended. Accurate temperature control of the coolant is provided, further increasing the reliability of critical equipment.

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Why to Install Swamp Evaporative Air Coolers?

This article explains the benefits of swamp coolers and why everyone should be using them. Ultimate answers as to why we need to install evaporative air coolers

Lower Your Energy Costs, Increase Humidity Levels And Breathe In Fresh Air When You Install An Evaporative Air Cooler!

An evaporative air cooler works on different mechanisms as compared to air conditioners. Unlike air conditioners, which refrigerate air, an evaporative air cooler pulls in air, cools the air through evaporation and circulates the cool air all over the area.Evaporative air coolers are not as popular as air conditioners as many people are still not aware of the great benefits they offer. The following section explores reasons for getting an evaporative cooler at your home or in a factory.

With Less Energy Used, Evaporative Air Coolers Help To Lower Your Household Energy Costs

Evaporative coolers possess low energy capacities. Thus, at only half the price of an air conditioner, an evaporative cooler uses 75 % less than an air conditioner, but has the capability to cool the same area space. In fact, most evaporative air coolers are able to cool up to 350 square feet.

According to a survey conducted in Australia, it takes only $0.04 an hour to operate an evaporative air cooler in a room, while an air conditioner will cost about $0.30 for the same duration.

Apart from that, installation fees for evaporative air coolers are also relatively cheaper. As they can be installed in an existing air duct system in your house, only a short duct is required to lead the cool air into your house. This means that it is not necessary for you to spend a lot of money to create a new air circulation system.

Rid Your Home Of Dry Air And Increase Humidity Levels

Evaporative air cooler works by moisturizing the air, as wet pads are used to cool the air. With this, you will be glad to know that your furniture and fabrics will be kept well moisturized too. This will definitely help maintain the durability and lifespan of your furniture.

Bring In Fresh Air Into Your Home, Keeping Your Home Smelling New And Clean

In addition to cooling the air, evaporative air coolers also help in channeling fresh air into your home. With an evaporative air cooler, air circulation occurs every 2 to 3 minutes. Hot air from the house is being pushed out by cool air through evaporation. When this happens, bad odor, dust and smoke will be eliminated along with the hot air. The frequent air circulation ensures that there is a continuous supply of fresh air. The risk of bacteria being trapped air can be reduced significantly. The moisture pad, which is an integral part of the evaporative air cooler, also functions as a filter, which helps to trapped dust from entering your houses.

Refrigerant Free, Evaporative Coolers Are Truly Environmental Friendly

Love the environment as much as you love yourself. This is one good reason why it is essential to install an evaporative air cooler. Air coolers do not require refrigerants like Freon, which are detrimental to the ozone layer. Air coolers also have the potential to curb noise pollution. Most evaporative air coolers are designed to use a blower instead of an axial fan and this helps to keep the unit quiet.

Easy Maintenance Through Refillable Water Tanks Or Even A Garden Hose Connection

Easy maintenance is one of the best reasons for getting an evaporative air cooler. All coolers come with refillable water tanks which are strategically positioned for easy access. Each refill will last you up to 10 hours. However, if you require a longer operational period, get an air cooler with a hose connection which continuously supplies fresh water to the cooler. All filters can be removed and rinsed to ensure that you continue to breathe fresh clean air.

The Function of Pipe Markings

For this reason programs one example is pipe marking are extraordinarily well-known, considering that making an attempt to undertake a home enhancement challenge with unmarked pipes is almost generally a tragedy.

You can discover a multitude of areas accessible in which a residence handy person can decide to buy pipe markings. Many regional and national do-it-yourself outlets will carry a multitude of those items to offer their clients the best assortment offered. Practically everywhere that carries pipes could have pipe markings situated close by to be sure that the consumer will not have to obtain them. The rates for pipe markings can vary from keep to store and from place to region. Some individuals give some thought to the cost to become also slight to bother with whilst some other medicine is often attempting to find one of the best feature for their revenue. If customers are curious about uncovering the perfect charges, they might hope to look at price tag and level of quality between several varied merchants and consider in accordance to which retail outlet supplies the cost helpful.

You are likely to discover various a variety of types of pipe markings to choose from for your most element from the merchants that carry this sort of item. The form put to use could be different based upon the ailments of the home enhancement job currently being carried out. Most people which have labored with pipes ahead of could possess a desire for just one kind or some other, to ensure that may be an issue while in the kind of pipe markings they decide upon. Most makes of pipe markings are very similar in superior quality so various makes of the identical item may have nearly all identical properties. Some brands might be produced from a relatively exceptional materials or maintain likely for a longer time below selected situations, this means you have to decide on the just one which is suited for your customer's must have. The variations around your brand names is going to be for the outside through the package to offer the customer the information promptly.

If the body's thinking about procuring pipe markings in considerable quantities amounts, you may locate a selection of producers which can ship the products and solutions towards the customer right. These businesses frequently sell a whole lot of their merchandise in outlets,but will ship items directly into the shoppers that prefer their brands. The consumer will usually spend a reduced charge for getting the programs in enormous quantities, but will must pay out a delivery charge to realize the items delivered for their residence or place of work. Many of the companies which will sell pipe markings straight to the client can be found online with a lot of them receiving websites that exhibit their items and offers a tiny bit of specifics about their company. Make sure you be sure that the organization on the net is really the best organization and certainly not a gimmick established to separate honest everyday people implementing their funds. Oftentimes, it happens to be sensible to initial glance for a brand name which is favored within the shops after which take advantage of the company's web page to keep on acquiring the merchandise and find about new things the business is crafting that they'll like.

Could also be exciting assessments through the varied kinds of pipe markings presented on several internet sites on the web. You are likely to track down a number of website pages on the net that permit common shoppers to price the products they buy along with a very few of these websites concentrate solely on pipes and pipe add-ons. The evaluations on these websites might be the consumer's actual thoughts and opinions regarding the creation that they acquired. It truly is essential to not base the choice of which form of pipe markings to create utilization of on 1 bad evaluate considering the fact that an abundance of persons could be dissatisfied with a variety of item for different points. Some individuals never stick with the instructions the right way whilst others could make use of the products and services in occasions that they are not recommended for. It will be advisable to look at quite a lot of unique critiques for each brand name to possess the opportunity to make an objective resolution pertaining to which features one of the best price.

Knowing Air cooled heat exchangers

Air cooled heat exchangers are 1 type of heat exchange device from a long list of heat exchangers. Generally, heat exchange equipment are devices that are particularly meant for assisting the release of heat coming from a certain volume of fluid in the direction of the other. To understand more, consider the regular home appliances at your residence, such as the refrigerators, air conditioners, along with your ordinary car radiator. They are just some simple examples of heat exchangers.

Now we will take a glance at air cooled heat exchangers. Normally, these are widely-used in industries which have a process system which produces excessive heat which must be dissipated, especially if there exists no home or local usage for it. Air coolers can perform exclusive of any cooling water from an adjacent or supporting cooling tower.

When should this equipment be used? The reply to that is once the outlet temperature is more than 20 degree Fahrenheit or -6.67 degree Celsius more than the upper limit of the expected ambient air temperature. Additionally, do not be fooled by the negative symbol of the Celsius unit. Air coolers may be utilized with nearer approach temperatures, nevertheless it has continuously come to be costly when measured up to a combination of a cooling tower and a water-cooled exchanger.

Besides the appliances as well as cars, remember that there are additional functions for air cooled heat exchangers. These uses can be seen in numerous industries, several of which include refineries, the upstream production, and petrochemical facilities. Moreover, you can also use air coolers on other conditions which have high temperatures, high pressure, acidic fluids and environments. To be more specific, air cooler are commonly utilized and set up in the everyday gas and oil refineries; gas storage facilities; compressor stations for oil pipelines; plants produces polychlorvinyl, polyethylene, glass fiber, biplastic; by-product coke plants and ammonia transportation and handling plants.

Apart from the various functions and uses of air coolers, you need to understand something about its construction. Luckily, I will give that to you. The common air cooled exchanger that is used for processing purposes are consists of a finned-tube bundle that are built inside a rectangular box headers on both ends of the tubes. The chilling air is supplied by several fans. In general, the air blows up wards via a horizontal tube bundle or sideward, for vertical tube bundles. The installed fans may be either induced or forced draft. And this is determined by whether the air is pushed or pulled all the way through the tube bundle. The air is directed by the plenum chamber, additionally, the chamber encloses the space between the fans as well as the tube bundle. And all of the various components pointed out are generally built up on legs or a pipe rack when assembled. And before I forget, the fan drive assemblage is sustained with a steel mechanical drive support system. The support system will generally be consisted of a vibration switch on every fan. The switches are specially designed to shut down a fan which has a problem, without human involvement.

To understand the inside and out of air cooled heat exchangers is literally easier said than done, and it is even tougher when you have absolutely no background on machines or mechanical terms. Though the question still remains, why are these preferred than other coolers. To start with, they're more affordable to maintain when compared with some other chemical using coolers. Secondly, it can quickly be installed. Last but not least, air cooled heat exchangers are the most environmental friendly method available up to now.

Know The Standard Way Before Applying Pipe Marking

A pipe marker is really a rather simple, but really necessary item. In essence, it's a label, decal or tag which is affixed to some pipe or pipe valve. You can get a few good reasons for visually marking the pipes that operate all over your facility. Any person which has ever planned or completed a home enhancement challenge will know that organization is amongst the most critical elements of the approach. Should the person endeavor the do it yourself challenge hasn't competently labeled and organized each of the goods they will desire ahead of time, they are going to obtain their selves having difficulties to complete the challenge although regularly wanting to discover materials and products to complete the work. That's why items these kinds of as pipe markings are so trendy, considering the fact that endeavoring to undertake a home development undertaking with unmarked pipes is almost continuously a catastrophe.

Most makes of pipe markings are rather identical in top quality so numerous makes belonging to the exact same item can have almost all of the very same characteristics. Some brands can be constructed of a marginally superior material or final for a longer time underneath specific situations, so it's always significant to decide on the one which is right for the customer's wants. The differences in between the manufacturers could be detailed in the exterior belonging to the offer to give the consumer the information at a glance. The costs for pipe markings can differ from retailer to retailer and from location to area. Some individuals think about the fee to be as well insignificant to worry about even though some others are constantly interested in one of the best deal for their hard earned cash. If customers have an interest in finding the right prices, they might want to evaluate cost and superior in between a few diverse retailers and make the choice determined by which retail outlet provides the top worth. To solidify your compliance when pipe marking a facility, the conventional supplies pipe marker visibility recommendations. In order to be certain that that you're compliant with all the ASME (ANSI) A13.1-2007 typical, there are many conclusions you will need to make: pipe marker design, marker dimension, selecting the best pipe marker colour to your application requirements together with pinpointing the quantity of markers needed to let for correct marker visibility.

The common suggests the pipes shall be marked adjacent to all valves and flanges also at either side for the flooring or wall penetrations. Additionally, pipes shall be marked adjacent to alterations in directions and every 25' to 50' intervals on straight runs. The appliance of pipe markers helps your employees to speedily and easily identify the plethora of pipes in your own facility. Probability are that your facility has in it any combination of pipes for very hot & cold water, steam, gases, refrigerants, heating fuels, sewage waste, returns and many more. Bad things can happen. Pipes can leak, freeze, break or rupture at any time. Harmful chemicals and gases operate through pipes, and in the event of the leak of rupture, will want to become identified and dealt with immediately. The use of pipe markers and valve tags lets maintenance employees or emergency personnel a quick way to determine the compromised pipe and take the appropriate actions.

It's vital not to base the choice of which type of pipe markings to use on a single bad review for the reason that many people can be dissatisfied with totally different product for several arguments. Some consumers do not follow the instructions properly though other folks may very well use the gadgets in situations that they are not recommended for. It is actually greatest to read a variety of varied reviews for each brand for being able to help make an objective decision as to which 1 provides the right worth for your revenue. There might possibly also be interesting reviews from the distinct types of pipe markings found on unique websites in the internet. There are actually particular websites about the internet that make it possible for average individuals to rate the products they purchase and some of these websites focus exclusively on pipes and pipe accessories. The reviews on these websites are the consumer's actual opinion about the product which they purchased.

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Functions of Air cooled heat exchangers

Air cooled heat exchangers are only one of various kinds of heat exchanger. Heat exchangers are gadgets which are specially designed for aiding the transfer of heat from one fluid towards the other. For us to better understand, typical samples of devices that use heat exchangers include the air conditioners, refrigerators as well as space heaters.

But let us not dwell a lot of over the general heat exchanger rather let's now take a look at air cooled heat exchangers or ACHEs for short. It rejects heat from a hot fluid directly to fan-blowing ambient air. ACHEs are commonly utilized each time a procedure or set up creates heat that has to be removed and regrettably lacks local use. Your car's radiator is actually an example of ACHE device. The engine must be cooled to prevent overheating due to friction and combustion functions by the engine. The excess heat is taken away by the water or glycol coolant mix. Majority of the heat should be taken away, and the best way is as simple as supplying ambient air.

There are more functions for air cooled heat exchangers, including the upstream production, refineries and petrochemical facilities. It can also be used on conditions with high temperature, high pressure, corrosive fluids and environments. Moreover, air coolers is usually equipped and used in gas and oil refineries; compressor stations for oil pipelines; subsurface gas storage facilities; plants producing polychlorvinyl, polyethylene, glass fiber, biplastic; caustic soda plants; by-product coke plants and ammonia transportation and handling plants.

Besides learning the actual functions of ACHEs, we should have a view upon how it operates inside and its elements. Usually, air coolers for process application are composed of a finned-tube bundle with rectangular container headers on both ends of the tubes. Headers are boxers that dispense the fluid from the piping to the tubes. The other parts include one or more fans that give cooling air. The fans are generally powered by electric motors and are also accompanied by speed reduction devices. The fan drive assemblage is sustained by the metal mechanical drive support system. Generally, the air flows up-wards all the way through a horizontal tube bundle. The fans could be either forced or induced draft, dependant upon whether the air is pushed or pulled through the tube bundle. Forced draft unit enables a simple access for maintenance for the fans and the bundles. Furthermore, the fans stay in the cold ambient air. Whilst the induced draft unit provides a stable as well as strong thermal performance because of the protection of the finned surface against wind, rain, hail and snow by the plenum chamber. The induced draft also guarantees an improved air distribution, much less hot air recirculation, much less air-side fouling and lower noise levels at grade. Space in between the fans and the tube bundle is encircled by a plenum chamber, that directs the air. The full assembly is usually installed on legs or perhaps a pipe rack.

Understanding and knowing the inside and out of ACHEs is fairly difficult, especially for those who have no background in mechanical matters. And for this reason, let us once again move our attention on another subject matter, which is the "why" question. With regards to economy, air coolers are preferred due to the lower maintenance expenses. Some other benefits offered by air coolers are as follows: lack of the need for cooling water or other cooling media, no issue shall arise with regards to the thermal as well as chemical pollution of cooling fluids, and it quite fast to install by bolted assembly.

ACHEs are regarded as a "green" alternative because no chemical treatment methods are required to the water or fluid used by the assembly. And temperature is the only parameter that has to be considered whenever getting rid of the water used. Without a appropriate heat exchanger equipment, overheating will ruin your equipments and appliances, specially the parts subjected to heat. Out of all of the things that have been pointed out, if we are to consider the trend that the world is going, air cooled heat exchangers are the ideal choice for industrial plants and other plants if the environment is to be considered.

Pipe Marking: Visual Pipe Hazard Awareness With Pipe Markers

A company accounts for your protection from your employees employed by them. Everyday people employed because of the prosperity with the organization must be the priority within the employer for that reason, their security variables are at all times the key concern. Spots of do the job could very well be seen as as detrimental places specially if the staff coping detrimental substances or chemical compounds, weighty machineries, and toxic liquids and flammable gases which are contained inside a pipe. It really is needed for an organization to frequently have safety safeguards and solutions to get equipped to minimize relocating accidents. Normally, accidents are triggered by lack of awareness, not enough basic safety devices, and safety techniques for that personnel. If this stuff are worked appropriately, accidents may very well be reduced. It truly is crucial for a company to put into action basic safety tactics for the processes in performing with hazardous substances especially folks hazardous substances transported by pipes. Making use of the ANSI Pipe Marking Requirements, pipe hazard identification is noticed strictly.

Pipe marking is definitely an integral piece from the facility's pipe basic safety. Pipe marking lets personnel and online site visitors to recognize specified objects inside pipes. This really is essential when your pipe features a leak, has long been fixed or need to be purged, by way of example. At the same time, pipe marking can be valuable in pipe servicing. Periodical inspection of pipelines in order to avoid pipe leaks and ruptures and deciding and monitoring dates in conjunction with other important a lot more data printed round the label is but an additional advantage of pipe marking. The ANSI Pipe Marking Compliance involves the guidelines across the adequate creation and employment of pipe labels on pipes. The recommendations involve pipe label track record hues designated for their unique contents, measurement text and figures printed on pipe labels, and pipe labels affixing.

Hazard Products are categorized into 3 divisions: High-Hazard Materials, Low-Hazard Materials, and Fireplace Suppression Elements. The pipe label color used in high-hazard substances is yellow with black figures, low-hazard resources that are obviously detrimental use eco-friendly and blue pipe label colour with whitened figures and fireplace suppression resources are designated to red-colored history with whitened figures. Further more, if the pipe subject matter contains different hazards (flammable and poisonous) it should be established which poses the larger probability and marked accordingly. By way of example, if chilled or heating systems have toxic therapies the colour blend should be Orange/Black. The 2007 regular also identifies the quite first time 4 supplemental put to use identified coloration mixtures and specially identifies the many correct track record colours for use. The specific shades are security colours involved from the ANSI Z535.1-2007 regular. The dimensions from the text and figures printed on pipe labels count on outside diameter within the pipes. As an illustration, once the pipe's open up diameter is .75-1.25 inches it is really corresponding letter dimensions are .five inches.

To solidify pipe marking compliance, it really is recommended pipe markers to be extremely visible and smartly hooked up to some path just where it really is comfortably regarded. The traditional signifies the pipes are going to be marked future to all valves and flanges far too at each side within the floor or wall penetrations. Moreover, pipes will likely be marked up coming to alterations in instructions and every 25' to 50' occasions on straight runs. Together with the implementation of Pipe Marking Hazard Identification, Pipe hazard accessorize are lowered.

More pipe marking information can be obtained from www.heatecholdings.com 

Heat Exchanger Tubes in the Mining Industry

Efficient heat recovery is an essential component in reducing energy costs and decreasing the negative environmental impact of the mining process. Shell and tube heat exchangers are particularly well suited for industrial mining since they can withstand the demands of high temperatures and substantial pressures.

In a shell and tube configuration, the shell contains an inlet and outlet flow control which determines the amount of fluid entering the device. The tube bundle is positioned inside the shell and is used to either heat or cool the fluid traveling through the shell side. Various materials and the tube design determine the efficiency of the overall heat exchange process.

Tube Design
There are several varieties of shell and tube heat exchangers including U-tube, spiral, finned and straight tube. The Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) provides standards for products with a shell diameter of 10 inches or above.

Tubes are either welded or seamless and are made from copper, stainless steel, copper-nickel alloy, low carbon steel and titanium. Exotic metals and alloys are also sometimes used in especially corrosive environments.



A primary heat exchanger design utilizes the U-shaped tube. The tube bundle includes flow baffles or tube supports depending on the nature of the fluid surrounding the tubes. Additional enhancements can be added to the surface to promote greater fluid turbulence which results in a more efficient energy exchange.

In environments with fluids that contain contaminants, or whenever there are cross temperature conditions, a straight tube design may be more appropriate. Head assemblies can be removed for cleaning, but the ability to handle significant temperature differentials may be the limited.

Shell Design

Steel is used in most shell designs, primarily for economic reasons. It is important to obtain consistency in the inner shell diameter to minimize the baffling space on the outside edge. Unnecessary space causes fluid to pool and bypass the core, resulting in greater inefficiencies.
Impingement plates can also be added to regulate high fluid velocity from the nozzle and promote even distribution of the fluid over the tube assembly. This helps prevent premature erosion while reducing vibration as well.

Value
Shell and tube heat exchangers can serve to enhance the productivity and lower the overall cost of mining operations. Recovered heat can be used to augment the leaching process and improve plant performance. Other applications include quench oil coolers. strike solution cooling and analyzing heaters and coolers.

Heat Exchanger Tube Cleaning

If your industry or line of work requires you to use heat exchangers, then you really do need to make sure that cleaning them is a top priority on your to-do list. This procedure can oftentimes be more than a little tedious, not to mention take up plenty of key resources such as time and money. But given that they are so important, since in many cases the machinery they safeguard can oftentimes be very sensitive to heat and/or temperature fluctuations, you would be asking for trouble if you were to not treat your heat exchangers well.

Heat exchanger tube cleaning can oftentimes be very tedious because the very design of many exchanger tubes can make them hard to clean. The design of these tubes can be convoluted or quite curved or bent into a variety of shapes. This can make the usual methods of tube cleaning, especially using water jets, less useful. All the curves, for instance, can slow the water down, reducing its usefulness as regards removing contaminants, especially if these contaminants are encrusted or otherwise stuck to the walls or sides of the tubes. In addition, as water slows down as it curves, many contaminants can easily be deposited in certain areas. Therefore, traditional methods of tube cleaning may not be too effective, if at all, when applied to heat exchanger tubes.

Fortunately for those concerned, there are newer sorts of equipment and/or techniques that have been developed to aid in heat exchanger tube cleaning and which can work much better than water. One can make use of chemical cleaners, such as acids or detergents for instance, which can act to weaken even encrusted debris or dissolve it altogether. One can also make use of physical cleaners, like scraping tools or abrasive balls for example, which are far harder than water jets and which can really make sure that any contaminants are removed from the tubes. Or one could employ a combination of physical and chemical cleaners - or can even combine either one or both with water jets in order to make sure that one's heat exchanger tubes really are as clean as they can be.

However, a word of caution regarding selecting these newer sorts of techniques and equipment for heat exchanger tube cleaning: one must make sure that one takes into consideration the fact that not all equipment and techniques are suitable for all kinds of heat exchanger tubes. For example, the metal in certain tubes may react to certain chemical cleaners, and older ones might not be able to withstand certain techniques. Make sure you find out about your heat exchanger system's limitations before you make your choice of cleaning equipment and techniques.

Looking for supplier? Visit www.heatecholdings.com

Explaining What is a Fin Fan Cooler in Simple Language

A fin fan cooler is a term used to refer to an aerial cooler. I believe at one time a specific manufacturer called their coolers "Fin-Fans" and the term later came to be a reference to any aerial cooler. Much the same was as electric refrigerators were all referred to as Frigidaire's or copies are referred to as XEROX's.

This type of aerial cooler is used a great deal in refinery and petro chemical plants. The construction usually consists of two metal rectangular boxes with drilled holes to accept hollow tubes that have aluminum fins attached to them.

For those familiar with a car radiator, the concept is the same. The difference is Fin Fan Cooler Manufacturer construction needs to be more robust because the pressure contained by the coolers is usually much higher than that of a car radiator.

The two boxes (called headers) with the interconnecting tubes are housed in a light metal plenum that directs air from one or more fans over the finned tubes to achieve the desired cooling.

This is a simplified description of an aerial cooler. There are many details regarding fabrication, configuration, materials, fan design etc. that I have left out.

Air coolers are twice as expensive to purchase and install as water coolers. The great advantage of an air cooler is that it does not need cooling water. The difficult aspect of air cooling arises from the flow of air across the tubes.

Most air coolers are either induced-draft or forced-draft, the more common arrangement being forced draft. The air is moved by rather large fans. The tubes are surrounded with foil-type fins, typically 1 in high. The surface area of the fins as compared to the surface area of the tubes is typically 12 to 1. That is why we call an air cooler an extended-surface heat exchanger.

The heat-transfer coefficient of an air cooler Aluminum Radiator (Btu, per hour, per square foot of finned area, per degree Fahrenheit) is not particularly good. It might be 3 to 4 for cooling a viscous liquid, or 10 to 12 for condensing a clean vapor. The low heat-transfer coefficients are offset by the large extended surface area.

In a forced-draft air cooler, cool air is blown through the underside of the fin tube bundle. In an induced-draft air cooler, cool air is drawn through the underside of the fin tubes. Either way, road dust, dead moths, catalyst fines, and greasy dirt accumulate along the lower row of tubes. As the tubes foul, they offer more resistance to the airflow. 

Company Profile : Technique Marine Services Pte Ltd

Technique Marine Services Pte Ltd is an agent and distributor for many high quality manufacturers with products for Marine, Oil & Gas and Land based Industrial applications. With offices in Singapore and China, the company is strategically positioned to market our partner’s products and provide close support to our customers located in Asia.

Technique Marine is involved in supply of equipment to new shipbuilding and industrial projects, stocking and distribution of spare parts, and provision of trained technicians for servicing and repair work.

Technique Marine invests in the training of our people and has built up a team of specialized individuals to be a solution provider for both our customers and partners. The company’s goal is to market new products, technologies and services, and to also expand our network of customers and partnerships.

Teknik Maskinsystemer Pte Ltd is a wholly owned entity of Technique Marine Services Pte Ltd.

Singapore Office
TEL +65 6873 7132
FAX +65 6873 7162
192 Pandan Loop
#07-26 Pantech Business Hub
Singapore 128381

For general enquiries
sales@tmspl.com.sg
For spare parts & services
parts@tmspl.com.sg
For project & servicing
project@tmspl.com.sg

Pros of Using a Fresh Water Generator

Everyone needs water as without it, survival is impossible but a lot of times, fresh water can be scarce and this is where a fresh water generator comes in as it allows individuals to acquire many high end benefits in the near future. These generators have been used by people since a long period of time now and are most definitely the most reliable and easy way for turning sea water into fresh water in a short period of time. As everyone is aware of the fact that sea water is simply undrinkable due to its salty properties as well as other sea content that is included in it which may cause a lot of harm upon consumption.

Easy & Swift to Install

The fresh water generator usually has an automated system which makes controlling it even easier on a day to day basis. The automated system makes it easy for people to control it without having to invest in too many efforts. Moreover, the installation of these generators also does not take a lot of time and can be done shortly without disturbing the workplace where it is to be installed in general. The installation process is also very easy in comparison with other high end equipment of this kind that may take hours of installation on average.

Fresh Water Instead of Sea Water

This generator is considered to be one of the best inventions these days due to the fact that it involves converting sea water into fresh water and that too, without having to struggle too much. This is best for places where fresh water is not available in abundance or not available at all, for that matter. Sea water’s properties cannot be eliminated without these generators, which have been specifically designed in order to carry out the task for removing all kinds of impurities from sea water, only to make it fresh later on.

Simple to Operate

Something that is very important for people to know is that this generator is exceptionally easy to operate on a day to day basis. While it may seem difficult to handle and control for many people, the operation of this generator is surprisingly easy and does not really require prior technical knowledge or study. This means that it can be controlled by anyone, given that they are aware of how to use on basic terms which are given in the instruction manual that usually does arrive with generator in the first place.

Less Power Consumed

A fresh water generator is highly recommended due to the fact that is consumes low energy, which definitely results in lesser electricity consumption. With a lot of equipment consuming a lot of energy these days, people have to pay more and more electricity bills on a monthly basis. However, with these generators, it is completely different and people are provided with low power consumption that ultimately leads to lower power bills in the future. As that is what all people want, now converting sea water to fresh water can be done without increasing power costs by a long shot.

Is investing in a Fresh Water Generator Worth it?

With all the high end advantages of these generators, they can be seen to be used by many people and they are also used for various industrial applications. These generators are also available in various sizes that range from small, medium and large. In plants and such places, huge generators of this kind are used and in smaller workplaces, the small or either medium sized ones are used. Therefore, purchasing the right one truly depends on the kind of task people need it for in the first place. With their ability to swiftly convert sea water to fresh water, these generators are truly an amazing form of long-term investment for everyone.

Why Use a Tube Bundle?

Many people are not aware of what it is but the tube bundle is basically a group of tubes which are tied with each other by rods amidst the shell & tube heat exchangers. These bundles can in handy during the heat exchange process on a large scale. This has many high end benefits in both the short and the long run. However, individuals should be aware of what it does and does not offer in the long run. Generally, this bundle is found in this particular heat exchanger due to the fact that it contains a wide range of tubes in the first place.

High End Cleaning
Since the tube bundle consists of a wide range of many tubes that are tied with each other through rods, it is fairly easy to clean. These can be cleaned through many different ways, and one of the most effective ones includes chemical cleaning. As tubes are narrow and long, the cleanliness process does not only take a short period of time, but it is also rather easy to manage in comparison of the cleanliness of other heavy and complex equipment. These tubes can be easily cleaned off without having to make them clogged in the process; which is precisely why using shell & tube heat exchangers has been highly recommended to everyone.

Accuracy & Productivity
The tube bundle within shell & tube heat exchangers also tends to increase the overall productivity in the process of heat transfer. This is due to the fact that these tubes are special and has been constructed in such a way which not only does increase heat efficiency, but it also increases productivity in the long run. Due to these reasons, the bundle has become a requirement for shell & tube heat exchangers and will always be due to the benefits it has to offer in terms of the transfer of heat for various industrial applications and everything as such.
Heat Efficient
On the other hand, the matter of heat efficiency stands undisputed as one of the most major reasons for actually using heat exchangers. With the help of a tube bundle, the efficiency of heat tends to increase by a long shot, which makes the overall process much more productive and fully fulfills the requirements in the overall procedure of heat transfer. In shell & tube heat exchangers, this bundle has been specifically manufactured for this very purpose, and it most definitely fulfills that in both the short as well as the long run.
Easy Installation
It is much, much simpler to install tube bundles than it is to install other types of wires and tubes. Most of the installation has to be done underground since the tubes have to be buried in certain cases. Of course, in the case of the shell and heat exchanger, the installation has to be done inside a machine – a much more congested area. The simplicity of tube bundles is that they are not twisted but are made in a straight parallel design which makes their placement much easier. One does not have to find small places in nooks and crannies to install the appliance. One large space will be sufficient.
Tubing materials
Most tubing companies order a number of different materials for creating tube bundles. Manufacturers realize that different consumers of tube bindles require different types of materials for their tubes. Thus, they offer a number of different ones to choose from. For example, one can choose to buy a tube bundle made up of silica lined steel or stainless steel. In the case of high heat transfer, one can even use copper to get it constructed. Other materials include zinc and aluminum.

Uses & the Importance of a Heat Exchanger

Majorly used for high pressure applications within plants and everything as such, a heat exchanger is being used for many industrial applications in the present times. These are not only highly efficient, but they are also effective in terms of heat transfer at all times. Individuals who wish to know everything there is about these heat exchangers should be aware of the fact that they are available in different lengths, sizes as well as diameters. Therefore, checking these out is definitely recommended before purchasing one for carrying out any kind of heat exchanging related task.

What are Heat Exchangers?
Mostly, the heat exchanger is made of carbon steel and copper tubes in general. These allow swift and very effective transferal of heat and have been used for this particular task since a long period of time now. Due to their effectiveness in the process, these come in handy for high pressure applications as well, which is what makes them a very unique commodity that can be found on high end plants of different industries these days. Moreover, these are also used for liquid of steam and steam to liquid applications, whenever needed. Therefore, it can be easily said that they have many uses, all of which are unique in their own way.

Industry-related Applications
On the other hand, the major uses of a heat exchanger include processing heat removal, liquid and steam, liquid and gas cooling, steam condensing and much more. Moreover, it is also widely used for lube oil cooling on a large scale. All of these industrial applications require the heat exchanger in order for the process to go smoothly and rather quickly. Turbine as well as engine cooling is another very prominent application of the heat exchanger that many manufacturers have been taking advantage of since a very long time. While there are many other prominent applications of heat exchangers, there are many common types that are being used for different purposes.

Price & Affordability
Another very important thing for people to be aware of is the fact that a heat exchanger is much cheaper in comparison with all the other types of heat devices out there. This allows manufacturers to save a lot of money in the process of purchasing them, only to use them for significant and high end industrial uses in both the short and long run. As a part of cooling down different types of commodities, these are by far the best and the most efficient devices, especially on the price they are available at.

Background of Heat Exchangers
The heat exchanger has been around since a very long period of time. While many people may be thinking that is has been over a couple of years, these have been used by men for more than one-fifty years, which shows how accurate, efficient and effective they are and always have been in the process of the transferal of heat and much more. Manufacturers of various commodities may find themselves investing in these heat exchangers due to the fact that they are immensely durable and come in handy in not only the short but the long run as well.

The Bottom Line
These are also much easier to use in comparison with other heat devices in general. Therefore, due to all that they have to offer in in the near future, these are highly recommended for all manufactures who wish to have the perfect heat controls and devices for different industrial uses. From oil cooling, to gas cooling and much more, these exchangers actually tend to carry out all of this for individuals who are interested in fulfilling these tasks on a day to day basis. The best part is that their capacity can always be increased and decreased according to do whatever is required.

You can read more about heat exchanger here.